Natura - nature
Status: extant
actualia - actual entities
Status: extant
Mundus Plinius - physical world
Status: extant
naturalia - natural bodies
Status: extant
[crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
Status: extant
Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
Period: Pre-Ediacaran - Present (4567 Ma - present); Status: extant
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
Distribution: cosmopolitan (marine, brackish, freshwater & terrestrial); Status: extant
Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Status: extant
Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Status: extant
Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
Period: Pre-Ediacaran - Present (4567 Ma - present); Status: extant
[crown] Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
Status: extant
[crown] Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
Status: extant
[crown] Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
Status: extant
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
Status: extant
Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
Status: extant
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Distribution: cosmopolitan (marine, brackish, freshwater & terrestrial); Status: extant
Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
Status: extant
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Distribution: cosmopolitan (marine, brackish, freshwater & terrestrial); Status: extant
Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
Status: extant
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Status: extant
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Distribution: cosmopolitan (marine, brackish, freshwater & terrestrial); Status: extant
Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
Distribution: cosmopolitan (marine, brackish, freshwater & terrestrial); Status: extant
Myopterygii - myopterygians
Status: extant
Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
Status: extant
Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
Status: extant
Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
Status: extant
Clade Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
Status: extant
[crown] Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
Status: extant
Clade Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Status: extant
Clade Osteolepidimorpha
Status: extant
Clade Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
Distribution: Palearctic/Europe (marine, freshwater & terrestrial); Status: extant
[crown] Clade Neotetrapoda
Status: extant
Clade Reptiliomorpha Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Status: extant
Batrachosauria
Status: extant
[crown] Clade Amniota Haeckel, 1866 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988] - amniotes
Status: extant
Class Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
Status: extant
Eureptilia Olson, 1947
Status: extant
Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
Status: extant
Clade Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020]
Status: extant
[crown] Clade Neodiapsida Benton 1985
Status: extant
Clade Pan-Archelosauria W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021, sedis mutabilis
Status: extant
[crown] Clade Archelosauria N.G. Crawford, J.F. Parham, A.B. Sellas, B.C. Faircloth, T.C. Glenn, T.J. Papenfuss, ..., W.B. Simison 2015 [W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021]
Status: extant
Clade Pan-Testudines Joyce, Parham & Gauthier 2004 [Joyce, Parham, Anquetin, Claude, Danilov, Iverson, Kear, Lyson, Rabi & Sterli 2020]
Status: extant
Subclass Testudinata Oppel, 1811 [monotypic] - testudinates
Status: extant
[crown] Order Testudinesᵀ Wagler, 1830 - turtles
Distribution: Atlantic (marine); Status: extant
Suborder Cryptodira Cope, 1868
Distribution: Palearctic/Mediterranean; Status: extant
Superfamily Testudinoidea Batsch, 1788
Status: extant
Family Testudinidaeᵀ Batsch, 1788 - tortoises
Distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, North, Middle & South America; Status: extant
Genus Testudoᵀ Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution: Europe, Asia; Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Acinixys) Siebenrock, 1902]
see Genus Pyxis Bell, 1827
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Agrionemys) Khosatzky & Mlynarsky, 1966]
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Aldabrachelys) (Loveridge & Williams, 1957)]
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Asterochelys)]
see Genus Astrochelys Gray, 1873
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Chelonoidis) Fitzinger, 1835]
see Genus Chelonoidis Fitzinger, 1835
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Chersina) Gray, 1831]
see Genus Chersina Gray, 1831
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Geochelone) Fitzinger, 1835]
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Indotestudo) (Lindholm, 1929)]
see Genus Indotestudo Lindholm, 1929
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Manouria) (Gray, 1852)]
see Genus Manouria Gray, 1854
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Psammobates) Fitzinger, 1835]
see Genus Psammobates Fitzinger, 1835
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Pseudotestudo) Loveridge & Williams, 1957]
Status: extant
[Subgenus Testudo (Testudo)ᵀ Linnaeus, 1758]
Status: extant
[Testudo antakyensis Perälä, 1996]
Status: extant
[Testudo caretta Linnaeus, 1758]
see Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Status: extant
[Testudo carinata Linnaeus, 1758]
Status: extant
[Testudo carolina Linnaeus, 1758]
see Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Status: extant
[Testudo flavominimaralis Highfield & Martin, 1990]
Status: extant
[Testudo geometrica Linnaeus, 1758]
see Psammobates geometricus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Status: extant
[Testudo lutaria Linnaeus, 1758]
Status: extant
[Testudo mydas Linnaeus, 1758]
see Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)
Status: extant
[Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus, 1758]
see Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Status: extant
[‡Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh, 1907]
see Chelonoidis phantasticus (Van Denburgh, 1907)
Period: 1970s (1970 - 1979); Status: recently extinct (EX)
[Testudo pusilla Linnaeus, 1758]
Status: extant
[Testudo scabra Linnaeus, 1758]
Status: extant
[Testudo serpentina Linnaeus, 1758]
see Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Status: extant
[Testudo sumeirii]
Status: extant
[Testudo weissingeri Bour, 1996]
Status: extant
[Testudo werneri Perälä, 2001]
Status: extant
- [†Testudo atascosae Hay, 1902, nom. dub.]
see Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1801)
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Pleistocene (2.58 - 0.0117 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo atlas Falconer & Cautley, 1844]
see Megalochelys atlas (Falconer & Cautley, 1844)
Distribution: Indo-Malay/southern Asia (terrestrial); Period: Pleistocene (2.58 - 0.0117 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo brevisterna Loomis, 1909]
see Gopherus brevisternus (Loomis, 1909)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo copei Koerner, 1940]
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Middle Miocene (15.97 - 11.63 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo edae Hay, 1907]
see Gopherus edae (Hay, 1907)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo emiliae Hay, 1908]
see Stylemys emiliae (Hay, 1908)
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Late Oligocene (28.1 - 23.03 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo hexagonata Cope, 1893]
see Gopherus laticaudatus (Cope, 1893)
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Middle Pleistocene (0.781 - 0.126 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo hollandi Hay, 1908]
see Gopherus edae (Hay, 1907)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo laticaudata Cope, 1893]
see Gopherus laticaudatus (Cope, 1893)
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Middle Pleistocene (0.781 - 0.126 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo laticunea Cope, 1873]
see Oligopherus laticuneus (Cope, 1873)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo milleri Brattstrom, 1961, nom. dub.]
see Xerobates mohavetus (Merriam, 1919)
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Miocene (23.03 - 5.333 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo mohavense Merriam, 1919]
see Xerobates mohavetus (Merriam, 1919)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo pansa Hay, 1908]
see Gopherus pansus (Hay, 1908)
Status: fossil
- [Testudo polyphemus Daudin, 1801]
see Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1801)
Status: extant
- [†Testudo praeextans Lambe, 1913]
see Oligopherus laticuneus (Cope, 1873)
Period: Oligocene (33.9 - 23.03 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo quadrata Cope, 1884]
see Oligopherus laticuneus (Cope, 1873)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo thomsoni Hay, 1908]
see Oligopherus laticuneus (Cope, 1873)
Status: fossil
- [†Testudo undabuna Loomis, 1909]
see Stylemys undabuna (Loomis, 1909)
Distribution: Nearctic/United States; Period: Early Miocene (23.03 - 15.97 Ma); Status: fossil
- [†Testudo vaga Hay, 1908]
see Gopherus vagus (Hay, 1908)
Status: fossil
1.1 Testudo graecaᵀ Linnaeus, 1758 - spur-thighed tortoise
Distribution: Palearctic/Middle East; Status: vulnerable (VU)
1.2 Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883 - Egyptian tortoise
Distribution: Palearctic/Middle East; Status: critically endangered (CR)
1.3 Testudo marginata Schoepff, 1793 - marginated tortoise
Distribution: Palearctic/southern Europe; Status: least concern (LC)
2 Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 - Hermann's tortoise
Distribution: Palearctic/western Europe; Status: near threatened (NT)
3 Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844 - Central Asian tortoise
Distribution: southern Asia; Status: vulnerable (VU)