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Monophyletic taxon: Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880 - cartilaginous fishes (fish)
Classification by:

Natura - nature
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1748: 210
   actualia - actual entities
  Ref: A. Voltolini, 2006: 44 (note 19) [assumed position]
     Mundus Plinius - physical world
    Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 5 [indirect position]; 24 Apr 2014.
       naturalia - natural bodies
      Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 6 [implicit position]
         Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
        Ref: J. Wiemann et al., 2020: [13] [validation] [inferred position]
           Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
          Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2002b: 297 [inferred position]
             Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
            Ref: P.M. Kirk et al., 2008: 248 [indirect position]; 19 Sep 2015.
               Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
              Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11 [new taxon] [implicit position]
                 Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11 [new taxon]
                   Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
                  Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11
                     Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
                    Ref: A.G.B. Simpson et al., 2020: [97] [validation] [indirect position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): fig. 11.
                       Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
                      Ref: Brown, 2013: 7 [new taxon] [implicit position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2021: fig. 11.
                         Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
                        Ref: A.G.B. Simpson & M. Medina, 2020: [103] [validation] [indirect position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): fig. 11.
                           Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
                          Ref: L. Tedersoo et al., 2018: 154 [implicit position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): fig. 11.
                             Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
                            Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 156 [inferred position]; 19 Jan 2016.
                               Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
                              Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 156 [implicit position]
                                 Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
                                Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1a) [inferred position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1a.
                                   Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
                                  Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 36) [indirect position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1a.
                                     Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
                                    Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1b) [implicit position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.
                                       Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
                                      Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 48) [indirect position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.
                                         Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
                                        Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 48); Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.
                                           Subphylum Craniata auct.
                                          Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 15; Nelson et al., 2016: fig. (p. 14).
                                             Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801 - vertebrates
                                            Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 15; Nelson et al., 2016: fig. (p. 14).
                                               Clade Pan-Gnathostomata Downs 2020
                                              Ref: J.P. Downs, 2020: [669]; ix [new taxon] [implicit position]
                                                 Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
                                                Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 34 [inferred position]; Downs, 2020: [669]; Nelson et al., 2016: fig. (p. 14).
                                                   [crown] Clade Eugnathostomata
                                                  Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 40
                                                     [crown] Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880 - cartilaginous fishes
                                                    Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 40 [implicit position]; Chevrinais et al., 2017: fig. 6.
                                                       Genus †Eucentrurus Traquair, 1901
                                                      Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002 [rough position]
                                                       Genus †Leonotus Britton, 1986
                                                      Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002 [rough position]
                                                       Genus †Odontorhytis Böhm, 1926
                                                      Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002 [rough position]
                                                       Genus †Tanaodus St. John & Worthen, 1875
                                                      Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002 [rough position]
                                                       Genus †Vallisia Duffin, 1982, nom. illeg.
                                                      Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002 [rough position]
                                                       .1 Genus †Akmonistion Coates & Sequeira, 2001
                                                      Ref: M. Zhu et al., 2009: 473 [rough position] [implicit position]
                                                       01 ?Genus †Emsolepis Turner, 2004
                                                      Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 45 [implicit position]
                                                       02 ?Genus †Seretolepis Karatajute-Talimaa, 1968
                                                      Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 85
                                                       03 ?Family †Wellingtonellidae Märss, Wilson & Thorsteinsson, 2002 [monotypic]
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 34; Nelson et al., 2016: 45.
                                                       04 ?Order †Altholepidiformes Andreev, Coates, Shelton, Cooper, Smith & Sansom, 2015
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 34; Andreev et al., 2015: 693.
                                                       05 ?Order †Elegestolepidida Andreev, Coates, Karatajute-Talimaa, Shelton, Cooper & Sansom, 2017
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 34; Nelson et al., 2016: 45.
                                                       06 ?Order †Mongolepidiformes
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 35; Nelson et al., 2016: 45.
                                                       07 Family †Polysentoridae Zangerl, 1979, incertae sedis
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 34
                                                       08 [stem] Genus †Gogoselachus Long et al., 2015
                                                      Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 45
                                                       09 [stem] Genus †Plesioselachus Anderson, Long, Gess & Hiller, 1999
                                                      Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 45
                                                       10 [stem] Genus †Pucapampella Janvier & Suarez-Riglos, 1986
                                                      Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 45
                                                       11 [stem] Family †Protodontidae Woodward, 1932
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 34; Nelson et al., 2016: 43.
                                                       12 [stem] Family †Bandringidae Zangerl, 1969
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 34; Nelson et al., 2016: 45.
                                                       13 [stem] Order †Polymerolepidiformes [monotypic]
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 35; Nelson et al., 2016: 44.
                                                       14 [stem] Order †Omalodontiformes Turner, 1997
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 35; Nelson et al., 2016: 44.
                                                       15 [stem] Order †Antarctilamniformes Ginter et al., 2008
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 35; Nelson et al., 2016: 44.
                                                       16 [stem] Order †Phoebodontiformes Ginter, Hairapetian & Klug, 2002
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 35; Nelson et al., 2016: 45.
                                                       17 Superorder †Cladoselachimorpha
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 35
                                                       18 Superorder †Ctenacanthimorpha
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 36
                                                       19 Superorder †Xenacanthimorpha
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 36
                                                       20.1 Subclass Holocephali Bonaparte, 1832
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 37
                                                       20.2 Subclass Euselachii Hay, 1902 - sharks, rays, and related fossils
                                                      Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 39

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Last updated: 21 Sep 2025