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Taxon:
Phylum
Porifera
Grant, 1836
(sponge)
Taxa
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Hierarchy
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Classification by:
(1995) Zoological Record
(1998) Zoological Record
Benton (1993) The Fossil Record 2
Boardman et al. (1987) Fossil Invertebrates
Systema Naturae 2000
Brusca & Brusca (1990) Invertebrates
Cárdenas et al. (2012) Sponge Systematics Facing New Challenges
Cavalier-Smith (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life
Cavalier-Smith (2022(2021) (alt.)) [Cladistic Classification]
Costello et al. (2001) European Register of Marine Species
Finks et al. (2004) Volume 3: Porifera (Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida, Calcarea)
Fusco (2019) Perspectives on Evolutionary and Developmental Biology
Hansson (1999) Scandinavian marine Porifera (Spongiaria) Check-List
Hooper & van Soest (2002) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges
Lankester (1877) Notes on the Embryology and Classification of the Animal Kingdom
Margulis & Schwartz (1982) Five Kingdoms
Margulis & Schwartz (1998) Five Kingdoms
Nielsen (1995) Animal Evolution
Nielsen (2001) Animal Evolution
Noordijk et al. (2010) De Nederlandse Biodiversiteit
Parker (1982) Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms
Peterson & Eernisse (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences
Rees et al. (2020) All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG)
Ruggiero et al. (2015b) Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms
Ruppert et al. (2004) Invertebrate Zoology
Schopf & Klein (1992) The Proterozoic Biosphere: a multidisciplinary study
Sepkoski (2002) A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera
Storer et al. (1979) General Zoology
van Caenegem et al. (1979-1984) Grote Winkler Prins Encyclopedie, Achtste druk
Webby (2015) Outline Classification and Ranges of Taxa of the Hypercalcified Porifera
Zhang (2011) Animal biodiversity
Zhang (2013) Animal Biodiversity
Grade
Parazoa
(Sollas, 1884)
see
Phylum
Porifera
Grant, 1836
Phylum
Porifera
Grant, 1836 - sponges
©2004-2026 Universal Taxonomic Services
Last updated:
28 Aug 2026