Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia - (Phylum) Chordata - (Class) Actinopteri

Phylogeny

Questionably Monophyletic

Ref: R. Betancur-R et al., 2017: 24 ("not monophyletic in Fig. 2", "monophyly ... is not significantly rejected by the data").

Subsequent positions

Percomorphacea (Division) Wiley & Johnson, 2010

Ref: E.O. Wiley & G.D. Johnson, 2010: 160.

Current position

Carangaria (Series)

Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 77.

Alternative positions

Actinopteri (Class) Cope, 1871	Ref: R. van der Laan et al., 2021: (4 Feb 2025); ECoF(4 Feb 2025).
Percomorpha (Series)	Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 383; Nelson et al., 2016: 380.
Percomorphacea (Division) Wiley & Johnson, 2010	Ref: E.O. Wiley & G.D. Johnson, 2010: 127. [new position]

Historical positions

Carangaria (Series)	Ref: R. van der Laan, 2018: 77.
Carangaria (Series)	Ref: R. Betancur-R et al., 2017: 24.
Percomorpha (Series)	Ref: J.S. Nelson et al., 2016: 380, 383.
Percomorphacea (Division) Wiley & Johnson, 2010	Ref: E.O. Wiley & G.D. Johnson, 2010: 127, 160. [new position]

Number of Subtaxa

2025	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	31f;198g;968s;6ss; †7f;16g;1s
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000: 15 Jul 2025	[31f;198g; †7f]
2018	R. van der Laan: 77	[5f; †2f]
2017	R. Betancur-R et al.: 25	[5f]
2016	J.S. Nelson et al.: 387	[6f]
2010	E.O. Wiley & G.D. Johnson: 160	[5f]