Entity:

Concise hierarchy

Subsequent positions

*Neotrochozoa* ([unranked]) K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001		Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172.
*Vermizoa* (Superphylum) T. Cavalier-Smith, 1984 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998		Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 236. [assumed]

Original entries

*Echiura* (Subphylum) Sedgwick, 1898
†*Facivermis* (Genus) Hou & Chen, 1989		Ref: X.-G. Hou & J.-Y. Chen, 1989
*Pogonophora* (Subphylum) Johannson, 1937

Current position

Trochozoa ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944

Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120; Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6.

Alternative positions

*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 8; CoL(17 Aug 2023).
*Annelidea* (Midphylum)	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
*Articulata* (Superphylum) Cuvier	Ref: I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt et al., 1975 (1971): 604.
*Coelomates* ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48.
*Euarticulata* ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: fig. 1.2.
*Eucoelomata* (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 322.
*Eumetazoa* (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: M.H. Pettibone, 1982: 1.
*Eutrochozoa* (Superphylum) Ghiselin, 1988	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172. [implicit]
*Lophotrochozoa* (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]
*Lophotrochozoa* (Superphylum) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake, 1995	Ref: 06/12/2004
*Metazoa* (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
*Metazoa* (Kingdom) Haeckel, 1874
*Neotrochozoa* ([unranked]) K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172. [new position]
*Protostoma* (Series)	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 216.
*protostomes* (Clade)	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 276-279.
*Pulvinifera* ([unranked])	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 14.14B.
*Spiralia* (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 42).
*Vermizoa* (Superphylum) T. Cavalier-Smith, 1984 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 236. [new position]

Historical positions

*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 130).
*Lophotrochozoa* (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]
*Spiralia* (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 42).
*Trochozoa* ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 8.
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 10.
*Trochozoa* ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken & A. van Haaren, 2010: 133; 120.
*Pulvinifera* ([unranked])	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: 413-488, figs. 9.26B, 14.14B.
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: X.-G. Hou et al., 2004: 215. [implicit]
*fossil marine animal genera* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002: 69.
*Neotrochozoa* ([unranked]) K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172, [176]; 204-205. [new position]
*Euarticulata* ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 169-193, fig. 1.2.
*organisms* ([unranked])	Ref: M.J. Costello et al., 2001: 214.
*Trochozoa* ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 551, fig. 4; tab. 1.
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1998
*protostomes* (Clade)	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 276-279.
*Vermizoa* (Superphylum) T. Cavalier-Smith, 1984 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: table 4 (p. 236). [new position]
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1995
*Euarticulata* ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: M.A. Wills, 1993: [271].
*metazoans* ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: S. Bengtson, 1992: table 23.5 (p. 1020).
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 381-436; 4.
*Coelomates* ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48. [alternative position]
*Protostomia* ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 118. [alternative position]
*metazoans* ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: J. Bergström, 1989: fig. 5.
*Animalia* (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.S. Boardman et al., 1987
*Annelidea* (Midphylum)	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
*Metazoa* (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
*Protostoma* (Series)	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 216-217.
*Eumetazoa* (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: M.H. Pettibone, 1982: 1-3.
*Eucoelomata* (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 322.
*Articulata* (Superphylum) Cuvier	Ref: I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt et al., 1975 (1971): 604.

Number of Subtaxa

2025	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	5c;27o;151f;1277g;3167s;88ss;2v; ‡1s; †1c;2o;63g;11s
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000: 24 May 2016	[5c]
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 130)	5,371ng;2,380[-3,423]g; †12.7%g
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 8 (incl. footnote 29)	17,426*[17,388]s; †9o;4f;262g;38s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 10	17,210s
2010	E.J. van Nieukerken & A. van Haaren: 133	[7c];>15,150s
2003	B.C. Das & J.W. Reynolds	>23,800s
1998	T. Cavalier-Smith	[4sp]
1997	TAMU	1,575g12,071s; †>206g
1995	C. Nielsen	>15,000s
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	3-4c;~15,000s
1982	M.H. Pettibone	3[4]c;[31o;127f]
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	4c